1. Since socialst nations have existed in the past and failed, what do you attribute their failure to? Is it reasonable to believe that these "obstacles" can be overcome in the short term?
Failed due to economical imbalance, improper investments in a war machine, personal greed, tyrany, inability to cope with today's globalized market.
Does the system's obvious weaknesses (failure to meet changing market forces, inability to cope with human nature(greed, laziness, etc)) not mean that it's NOT the best system? Or are we talking "theory" or "on paper" socialism?
2. Were any of these nations imperialistic in nature, meaning did they expand beyond their national borders and conquer territory not in their possession prior to the Bolshevic revolution of the early part of the 20th century?
USSR did but not after the period you have mentioned
What about the BLOC states it obsorbed during and after WWII (Hungary, Romania, East Germany, Ukraine, etc)?
China did
North Korea and Vietnam as well.
4. If inequitable distribution of wealth is the cause of crime and social injustice, how do you explain people who are wealthy that committ crimes?
Drugs, greed, passion crimes, and insanity. Pretty much it.
Is there a moral component in society that gives people a sense of right and wrong or is that a state issue?
5. Is brute labor the only force that is essential to the prosperity and equality of a society?
Uh... no. Point is?
See point below re: incentive to strive.
8. What incentive does a person who has guaranteed health care, housing, food, water, and clothing have to strive for a better life?
If they have that, not only as a guarantee on a paper, why would they need it?
Because in a system in which everyone gets "...according to his needs", why would anyone need.....the new Power MAC or Nintendo Revolution (I refuse to call it Wii) when the Commodore 64 will do the job? According to his needs puts a glass ceiling on innovation. The progress the soviets made in the space race was due to the needs of the state, not the needs of any individual.
9. For socialism to be truly implemented, the government must assume vast powers. Once assumed, what guarantee is there that the government will not abuse these powers?
None. Ethics. That's why it dosen't work.
Should it continue to be persued given it's shortcomings?
10. Do people try to accumulate more or less power?
More power, less responsability. Power is not the problem. I would love if we had a single tyrant that ruled the world, but did good things.
I've had that discussion as well. A benevolent dictator....sadly not to happen (in our lifetime, at least).
11. What if 1 or 2 people in said country decided they didn't feel socialism was right for them. Would the government be justified in using any and all means to implement the system for the greater good?
No. But they could say "If you are not happy, get out of here and go live in France!", sounds familiar anyway.
Is coersion via "Go live in France" an acceptable substitute for violence?
13. In a socialist system, who's interests should/will take precedence in case of child rearing? Parents, or the State?
At school, state. Outside school, parents.
Does the state's interests lie in perpetuation of the system in spite of it's shortcomings? Should the state provide moral or ethical teachings that contradict those of a parent?
14. Should religious institutions be permitted in socialist societies?