asterisk8 wrote: My computer recognized that a USB drive had been plugged in
This is a good sign as it shows that some of the circuits which control the communications between your machine and the drive are undamaged.
The freezer trick sounds like a great idea but there are multiple avenues to approach before putting the drive in the freezer. and the thing with putting a computer device into a place which is a highly concentrated moisture box is that now all the smaller components are now more likely to fail because you've placed the in a moisture box.... The freezer trick is a last resort because it can phuck up things which were not broken before. I've also noted that when they recommend the freezer trick they also say that you've got one or two shots after getting it out to get the data off, before it fails in new spectacular ways. So this is a last resort and very much not recommended.
I would recommend that for now you put the drive aside. Get your mind wrapped around the idea that you will not see the data for at least 6 months (maybe forever) as you need to teach yourself new technologies and possibly get a bunch of new tools.
What is the drive type?
I had a USB drive fail, and to get the contents off I needed to take the HDs out. They were typical sATA drives and you can get a cable to hook directly into your computer. For whatever reason the USB interface failed and maybe this is a similar problem with your drive.
After getting a drive of equal size, dd was able to then replicate the drive as best it could then DiskWarrior fixed the catalog b-tree issues on the replication. and I got most of the data back. 99%. This was maybe 2004ish on an even older mac, the drive was a 250gb and the dd process took a solid week 24/7. A possible reason why dd works is that it doesn't need to seek for data, it's just slowly crawls line by line over the drive. The clicking you maybe hearing is the drive arm seeking over the disks to find some catalog information, so it knows where files are stored. dd is not concerned so it may bypass much of the systems which controls the arms and just crawls along. I believe dd takes multiple passes per line compares then then writes out the data.
When you buy your new drive, buy two. I'm personally on a WD My Passport Essential SE kick. When on sale 1tb is around 100 bucks.