Anakin's slaughtering of the younglings is all about driving forward to possess what he seeks. He can't go back to the Jedi because of his involvement with Mace's death. And in a way, he feels he's been used by the Jedi and Palpatine. At least Palpatine offers a way to take away his fear that he has. Yoda's words offer nothing to him.
Anakin going to that Temple has really nothing to do with the Jedi or Palpatine. It has everything to do with doing what is neccessary to gain what I needs. And the reason it works is because Anakin wants to rid the galaxy of Palpatine when we get to the end.
Whether you buy it or not, Anakin had that thought running through his mind ever since he left Palpatine's office to take care of the Jedi.
That's why the sequence works. Anakin would go this far, not thinking what Padme would think about this, because he's so fearful of loosing the one he loves. He promised his mother he wouldn't let it happen again and he meant it. It's absolutely the wrong attitude to take but this is how he feels....because he feels he's the Chosen One. The Jedi have labeled him this way. Qui-Gon believed it. When we get to Episode II, his actions and attitude suggest that Anakin believes it. Why can't he do anything?