The only real sign that some time has elapsed isn’t Luke, it’s Han and Leia. That whole ‘I don’t trust Lando’ scene, which was famously changed to feel less hostile, is different from their attitudes on Hoth. Their behaviour says a lot. Beyond that they say 3PO was gone too long to have gotten himself lost, but that’s vague.
That being said… Luke’s vision of his friends in pain is the future. How far into the future? Who knows. Nobody grows hair or washes in these movies. How much food is on the ship? Where do they dump waste material? It’s just a movie.
The idea that travelling through hyperspace is instant sometimes and sometimes not is a minor problem. But it’s not one that needs to be addressed. Certainly not in the current era of movie writing that’s for sure.